Alzheimer's Disease

Possible Triggers for Alzheimer’s Disease

Katherine George

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Although medical researchers are unable to pinpoint the exact cause of Alzheimer’s, many studies link exposure to certain chemicals, medications, and even emotions to heightening the risk of developing the disease.

1. Medications

According to the JAMA Internal Medicine journal, taking certain prescriptions and even easily accessible over-the-counter drugs can raise the risk of developing Alzheimer’s and dementia.

Notably prescription tricyclic antidepressants (i.e., doxepin) and antimuscarinic drugs prescribed for better bladder control (i.e., oxybutynin) have been linked to increasing the likelihood of dementia. Whereas, certain nonprescription antihistamines (i.e., chlorpheniramine and Benadryl) have also been linked to developing dementia.

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2. Lack of Exercise

There are more active ways to promote brain health than just doing the Thursday crossword puzzle. Researchers from the Alzheimer’s Association (AA) say that physical activity, particularly of the aerobic nature, helps protect brain function and staves off brain diseases, like dementia and Alzheimer’s.

In fact, a 2015 study from the AA showed that individuals who make aerobic activity a part of their daily lifestyle are able to decrease brain disease risk by over 50-percent. So if you want to ward off Alzheimer’s and dementia—get moving! (For other tips on how to prevent Alzheimer’s, check out this article on Ways to Prevent Alzheimer’s Disease).

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3. Depression

Much of science focuses on the external or environmental factors associated with increased Alzheimer’s risk. However, a 2010 report featured in the Neurology journal points out that state of mind can have a big impact on our health.

The study claims a significant mind-body connection stemming from depression, can affect the individual risk of developing both dementia and Alzheimer’s. For instance, adult patients who showed signs of depression were 1.5 times more likely to develop dementia and Alzheimer’s compared to patients with no symptoms of depression.

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4. Negative Thoughts on Aging

Perhaps an extension on the previous slide, psychologists from the Yale School of Public Health claim that your beliefs about growing older can largely impact your prevalence to Alzheimer’s disease.

For instance, researchers found that individuals who thought about aging in a negative light experienced pathological brain changes that spiked the risk of cognitive impairment. Study researcher, Dr. Becca Levy, noted that “…negative beliefs about aging can be mitigated, and positive beliefs about aging can be reinforced, so that the adverse impact [Alzheimer’s] is not inevitable.”

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5. Exposure to Lead

Researchers have long linked high blood levels of lead to an increased risk of heart disease. However, more recently lead exposure and presence of oxidative stress and heavy metals has been linked to decreased IQ and increased dementia risk.

For instance, a 2009 study published by the journal Neurology noted that adults with elevated lead levels in their blood (21-percent or more) were prone to high blood pressure, which can cause oxidative stress and inflammation of the brain and body.

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6. Insecticides

Research links toxic insecticides (i.e., DDT and DDE) to increased Alzheimer’s risk, which led to the 1972 banning of DDT in the U.S. But despite the ban, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention note that humans can still be exposed to these toxins via chemical pesticides in the environment—namely through food sources like fish, poultry, and dairy.

For instance, data from the Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) specifically found that individuals with increased blood levels of insecticides were significantly at risk of an Alzheimer’s diagnosis. These findings identify a new risk that can be tested to help aid earlier diagnosis.

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7. Previous Head Trauma

Research done by Glenn Smith, Ph.D from the Mayo Clinic suggests that severe head related injuries with the greatest increased risk of future dementia are those in which the individual is unconscious for more than 24 hours. Similarly, head injuries that result in unconsciousness from anywhere between 30 minutes and 24 hours also have a slightly less increased risk.

Of course, repeated head injuries put individuals at risk for potential problems with thinking and cognitive reasoning. Wearing a helmet could potentially prevent the risk of Alzheimer’s!

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8. Diabetes

Alzheimer’s and type 2 diabetes are more related than you’d think! They share the same cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, obesity and poor blood circulation. Individuals who develop type 2 diabetes midlife are at a higher risk of vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s because these conditions are essentially a third type of diabetes.

According to the Alzheimer Society Canada, “people with Alzheimer’s disease are in a diabetic state, partly due to the decrease in or insensitivity to [the hormone that regulates glucose in the blood].”

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9. Loneliness

Humans are social creatures, and they crave social interaction. While some of us are a little more introverted and prefer to avoid too many social gatherings or interactions, research shows that people in late life who feel lonely are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease.

The Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center in Chicago published in the Archives of General Psychiatry that feeling of loneliness rather than actual social isolation is a risk factor. The reasoning being that feelings of loneliness or negative emotions affect brain development.

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10. Rosacea

Danish researchers found a link between Alzheimer’s and rosacea, the chronic inflammatory skin disorder in elderly patients. Rosacea produces higher levels of matrix metalloproteinases and antimicrobial peptide proteins that are responsible for brain-wasting disorders.

The study printed in the Annals of Neurology concluded that patients with rosacea had a 7-percent higher risk of Alzheimer’s. Out of those people, women with rosacea were 28-percent more likely to develop Alzheimer’s, whereas men were only 16-percent more likely.

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11. Heart Conditions

According to the Alzheimer’s Association, there are very strong links between heart health and brain health. “This connection makes sense, because the brain is nourished by one of the body’s richest networks of blood vessels, and the heart is responsible for pumping blood through these blood vessels to the brain,” writes the source.

With that being said, the risk of developing Alzheimer’s (or vascular dementia) can be triggered by conditions that damage the heart and its blood vessels. In some cases these conditions are within our control and we can diminish our chances of getting them and therefore getting Alzheimer’s by making healthy lifestyle choices. Some of the most common conditions that damage our heart are heart disease, diabetes, stroke, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, explains the Alzheimer’s Association.

The source explains that among this research that links brain health and heart health is donated brain tissue. This tissue that researchers have examined shows “plaques and tangles are more likely to cause Alzheimer’s symptoms if strokes or damage to the brain’s blood vessels are also present.”

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12. High Blood Pressure

As we just previously mentioned, conditions that put our heart at risk, like high blood pressure, can act as a trigger for Alzheimer’s disease and increase a person’s risk of developing it. The Alzheimer’s Society Canada notes that people who are suffering from hypertension in midlife are more likely to develop dementia than people who aren’t.

“High blood pressure affects the heart, the arteries and blood circulation so it increases the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, particularly vascular dementia,” writes the source. The best way to treat this and avoid the disease altogether is to start exercising and eating healthier. The Alzheimer’s Society Canada explains that this should bring the risk down, and if it doesn’t, there are medications to help.

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13. Smoking

In addition to increasing a person’s risk of developing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, cigarette smoking can trigger Alzheimer’s disease. The Alzheimer’s Society Canada provides research of a 45-percent risk increase for Alzheimer’s. The source also states that cigarette smokers are at a higher risk for developing vascular dementia and other forms of dementia.

Luckily, there is also research that states those who did smoke are able to reduce their risk by quitting. So there’s no need to feel that mentality of “well, I already smoked for ___ amount of time, might as well keep going.” Unlike some other conditions linked to smoking, you are able to lessen the brain effects by simply quitting. Of course, the earlier the better!

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14. High Cholesterol

Similar to high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels in midlife can also increase a person’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, particularly in comparison to those who are completely healthy. “Research has shown that people who have their high cholesterol treated with drugs called ‘statins’ have a lower risk of dementia,” writes the Alzheimer’s Society Canada. Therefore, seeking treatment is extremely important both for the heart and the brain.

In addition to all this, high cholesterol also increases a person’s risk for developing high blood pressure, which as we already mentioned, is yet another trigger for Alzheimer’s disease.

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15. Alcohol

There’s no denying that alcohol has a hugely negative affect on our health, especially when it’s consumed in excess. In fact, the Alzheimer’s Society Canada states that it ranks as the fifth most important risk factor for death and disability throughout the world. “It has been implicated as a casual factor for more than 200 diseases and injuries, including major non-communicable diseases such as liver cirrhosis, some cancers and cardiovascular disease,” writes the source.

Strangely enough, there is evidence that a moderate amount of alcohol on a regular basis can lower the risk of dementia, and that those who don’t drink alcohol at all are a slightly higher risk. However, that being said, the people who are at the highest risk are those who drink it excessively, says Alzheimer’s Society Canada.

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16. Sleep Deprived

We’ve all been there before — fatigued, tired, lacking energy due to a restless sleep or a string of bad nights. However, the rate of sleep deprivation among the population is increasing and this is largely due to the fact that people are taking on more and more in their personal and professional lives. It’s not uncommon for the average person to struggle with sleep which comes with a string of other issues, including an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease.

“Sleep problems are common in people with Alzheimer’s disease, but it wasn’t clear whether this was cause of effect,” says Domenico Pratico, MD, a pharmacologist and immunologist at Temple University in Philadelphia when talking to Prevention.

To test this theory of whether a chronic lack of sleep affects the brain, Pratico and a team of researchers studied a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. To gather their research, they would only let the mice sleep for four hours a night and found that this increased the amount of tau in their brain, in addition to “[altering] learning and memory, as well as how well neurons were able to communicate with each other.” As a result, it quickly became clear that lack of sleep could put enough stress on the brain and body that it increases a person’s chance of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

“Sleep deprivation is a form of chronic stress on the body. It’s also the time when the brain gets rid of bad things,” like an excess of amyloid beta protein, says Pratico to Prevention.

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17. Diabetes in the Brain

We already talked about how diabetes is one of the common triggers for Alzheimer’s disease, but Prevention presents a whole new condition introduced by neuroscientist Suzanne de la Monte, MD, of Brown University. She refers to this new condition as diabetes in the brain. “Brain cells use glucose as fuel, and [the hormone] tells these cells to slurp up glucose in the blood,” explains Prevention. De la Monte believes the brain can become resistant just like any other cell in the body, and that the link between Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes is so close that she refers to Alzheimer’s as type 3 diabetes.

“Any organ can be affected by [hormone that regulates glucose in the blood] resistance,” says de la Monte to Prevention. “You can have it in the liver – we call that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. If you get it in the kidney, we call it renal disease. If you get it in the brain, we call it Alzheimer ‘s.” De la Monte’s research has shown that the brains resistance to the hormone that regulates glucose in the blood creates a harmful environment that causes Alzheimer’s, which is essentially a buildup of proteins and neuron death.

Prevention explains that this not only encourages people to live a more active and healthy lifestyle through diet and exercise, but could make improvements in the treatment of Alzheimer’s.

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18. Down Syndrome

It’s unclear why this is, but according to WebMD, people with Down syndrome have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease in their 30s and 40s.

NHS tries to offer some insight as to why this is by writing, “this is because the genetic fault that causes Down’s syndrome can also cause amyloid plaques to build up in the brain over time, which can lead to Alzheimer’s disease in some people.”