Ovarian Cancer

Most Common Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer

Emily Lockhart

Early Signs of Cancer Men Shouldn't Ignore

September is just around the corner which is Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month. According to some pretty scary statistics from the American Cancer Society, this cancer ranks at number eight, making it one of the most prevalent cancers in the U.S., and is the fifth most common cancer affecting U.S. women. Medical News Today claims that one in roughly 70 women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer during her lifespan. And unlike breast cancer, approximately 85-percent of the females diagnosed receive a late-stage prognosis.

Here are 10 common risk factors for ovarian cancer…

1. Smoking

According to findings from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), smoking tobacco smoking is considered a culprit for 3-percent of ovarian cancer cases. Supporting this link between tobacco smoking and the development of ovarian cancer, Cancer Research U.K. offers the following statistics…

Current women smokers are 31- to 49-percent more likely to develop ovarian mucinous cancer compared to women who have never smoked in the past. Also, the length of smoking also matters a great deal.

6 Facts on Processed Meat and Your Cancer Risk

2. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development claims that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can heighten the risk of certain cancers, including breast and ovarian cancer. In fact, the risk of ovarian cancer triples for women with PCOS.

If you have been diagnosed with PCOS, or have a genetic predisposition to ovarian cancer, you should keep up on annual pelvic exams (i.e., pap smear) with your doctor to screen for ovarian cancer.

Top Cancers in the United States

3. Age

Research from the Mayo Clinic points out that several age differentiators can predispose women to ovarian cancer later in life. For instance, the Clinic notes that early menstruation (prior to 12-years of age) is linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer.

In addition, if menopause began at 52-years of age or later, you may also be at higher risk of developing ovarian cancer. Even though ovarian cancer strikes women of all age groups, it’s most likely to develop in women between the ages of 50- to 60-years-old.

Cancer Experts Demand Government Help Bring Drug Costs Down

4. Hormone Replacement Therapy

Hormone therapy is often prescribed to soothe the hot flashes, irritability, and vaginal dryness that can come with menopause. However, speculation that hormone therapy increases the risk of breast and ovarian cancers pose serious concerns.

Observational studies from the National Women’s Health Network (NWHN), find that estrogen hormone replacement therapy, in large doses and over the long-term, can increase ovarian cancer risk. Findings from a 2007 medical analysis reports that female patients taking estrogen-alone (vs. an estrogen- progestin combination) attributed to 1300 additional ovarian cancers and 1000 ovarian cancer deaths between 1991 and 2007 in the UK.

Combining Some Common Chemicals Can Cause Cancer, Study Shows

5. BRCA1 & BRCA2 Gene Mutation

The Mayo Clinic blames the BRCA1 and BRCA2 inherited gene mutations as a lesser cause of ovarian cancer (as well as breast cancer). These genes, found in families with several past breast cancer diagnoses, also cause Lynch syndrome.

Lynch syndrome, a type of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (or HNPCC) caused by the BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, is linked to increased rates of colon cancer (in men and women) and ovarian cancer (for women).

Taking Dietary Supplements Could Raise Risk of Cancer, Report Shows

6. Fertility Treatment

Studies quoted by the National Cancer Society (NCS), link the usage of certain fertility drugs to an increased risk of ovarian cancer. For instance, the NCS points to the fertility drug, clomiphene citrate, taken for a year of longer as a risk factor for “low malignant potential” ovarian tumors.

Patients undergoing fertility treatment should be advised of the risks by their doctors. For instance, the risks are significantly higher in women who are infertile and unable to conceive while taking the drug—compared to women who become pregnant and carry a baby to term.

What Causes Cancer?

7. Intrauterine Birth Control

While some studies indicate a link between using intrauterine birth control devices (IUDs) and ovarian cancer—research from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) found otherwise. In fact, the NIH published the results of a 2014 Finnish study that monitored the premenopausal use of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine birth control on endometrial adenocarcinoma cancer development on women 30- to 49-years of age in Finland.

Over the course of 13-years, 2,781 cancer cases were detected in the 855,324 of the women using intrauterine birth control. In addition, while the intrauterine system was linked to increased incidence of breast cancer, it displayed a protective effect against the development of endometrial, ovarian, pancreatic, and lung malignant tumors.

Cancer Survival Rates Improving, Study Shows

8. Family History

Unfortunately, some cancers are hereditary, which means some women are genetically predisposed since birth – ovarian cancer being one of them. The Canadian Cancer Society explains that it could be hereditary, “if one or more close blood relatives have or had ovarian cancer.” However, the source notes that it’s not always certain why this happens – whether it’s due to a family pattern of cancer or similar lifestyle choices.

The more members of your immediate family who have or have had ovarian cancer, increases your risk. The Canadian Cancer Society notes that the closer the relative, the greater the risk you have. For example, if you have a first degree relative such as your mother, sister or daughter who have or had the disease, you could be at risk too and the risk only increases the more members of your family have it.

Obesity-related Cancer Cases On the Rise, Study Shows

9. Reproductive History

This one might sound a little strange, but if or when you’ve had children may increase or decrease your risk of ovarian cancer. The Canadian Cancer Society notes that women who have never been pregnant have a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer because it is believed that pregnancy hormones have a “protective effect” on the ovaries.

Additionally, “women who have carried pregnancies full term before they are 26 years old have shown to have a decreased risk of ovarian cancer,” states the American Cancer Society. The source notes that the risk continues to decrease with every additional full term pregnancy. However, women who don’t have a full term pregnancy until after 35 years old, have a unknown higher risk of ovarian cancer.

Gut Bacteria Used to Detect Cancer Risk

10. Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome

This rare genetic condition which causes polyps in the stomach and intestines during adolescence also increases the risk of digestional tract cancers and for women it can also increase the risk of ovarian cancer.

The American Cancer Society explains that the risk of potential cancer caused by Peutz-Jeghers syndrome increases the risk of “both epithelial ovarian cancer and a type of stromal tumor called sex cord tumor with annular tubules (SCTAT).” OvarianCanada.org explains that epithelial cell tumors grow around the ovary and stromal cell tumors develop in the structure tissue which is holding the ovary.