Causes and Risk Factors For Hepatitis C

Blood Transfusions Before 1992

The likelihood of contracting hepatitis C through a blood transfusion nowadays is extremely low. In fact, it’s virtually impossible, because now all donated blood is tested before it’s used. However, in the year 1992, according to WebMD, the screening test for HCV went into effect, so prior to that, using infected blood during transfusions was one of the main reasons for new cases of HCV infection in the United States.

“People who had hemophilia, thalassemia, or other diseases requiring multiple transfusions were especially at risk for exposure,” writes VeryWell Health. Thus, any blood used for a transfusion prior to 1992 could potentially be infected and may have unintentionally transmitted HCV to another person.

Very Well Health writes that experts believe the chance of getting hepatitis C through a blood transfusion is so rare that it’s about 1 in 2 million.

Certain Age Groups

Since many people who have hepatitis C don’t know about it, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends people who were born between 1945 and 1965 to receive a one-time screening blood test.

The Mayo Clinic writes, “the largest group at risk includes everyone born between 1945 and 1965 — a population five times more likely to be infected than those born in other years.”

Household Contact

Even though this way of transmitting the virus is extremely rare, it has happened. VeryWell Health writes that HCV can be transmitted through a household and that living with an infected person can increase a person’s chance of infection due to their exposure to the virus.

You can reduce the risk by taking certain precautions, such as not sharing personal items like razors and toothbrushes. These types of personal items aren’t generally recommended to be shared between two people and often aren’t, regardless of any infection.

Organ Donors

Similar to blood transfusions (prior to 1992), hepatitis C can be transmitted through organ donation and medical procedures, but nowadays, this is extremely rare because organ donations are also tested for the HCV. VeryWell Health points out that they are also tested for antibodies, making the risk even lower.

A person can also be exposed through vaccinations that are done with contaminated needles, but this is not common practice in developed countries as all healthcare providers use disposable needles.

Unprotected Sex

Unprotected sex is probably how most people think hepatitis C is most commonly transmitted, but it actually accounts for very few cases. It’s definitely possible, but unlike the hepatitis B virus, “which is known to be present in semen and vaginal fluids, HCV is not found in significant amounts in these fluids,” explains VeryWell Health. This means the risk for getting HCV during intercourse is quite low; however, the risks are raised for people who have multiple partners, when there is direct blood contact, and when one of the partners has a sexually transmitted disease or HIV.

When it comes to the actual number of people who develop an HCV infection through unprotected sex, the quantity is unknown. The source does cite one study that looked at long-term, monogamous relationships made up of one person with hepatitis C and found that the risk of transmitting the virus to the other partner was only about 4-percent. There has also been additional research that has found that gay men are at a slightly higher risk of acquiring HCV infection when having unprotected sex with an infected partner.

Mother to Child Transmission

When a mother passes the virus onto her child, it’s referred to as vertical spread. But thankfully it only happens in about 4-percent of infants who are born to mothers infected with the HCV. This risk can double if the mother also has HIV or high amounts of the virus in her body at the time of the birth, says VeryWell Health. There has been some inquiry into whether or not a vaginal or C-section birth makes any difference in the likelihood of spreading the virus, but the source notes that a C-section doesn’t increase the risk; however, a delivery with prolonged rupture of the membranes can.

Most children who are born to a mother with HCV infection are born with antibodies of the virus, but this doesn’t mean they are infected. “Antibodies are immune proteins produced by the body in response to disease — causing agents like HCV, and these immune proteins are transmitted to young babies from their mothers,” writes the source.

When it comes to breastfeeding, there is no research to prove that it can in any way, shape or form increase the risk of transmission. VeryWell Health points out that the CDC and the American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecologists (ACOG) actually encourage new moms (even those with hepatitis C) to breastfeed their babies.

Needle Stick Injury

This is only a real concern for people who work in healthcare settings, like nurses, physicians, or any other healthcare professional who uses needles when providing medical care. “It is estimated that more than 600,000 needle stick injuries happen each year, with nurses being at highest risk,” writes VeryWell Health. “An average of about 2-percent of needlestick injuries where there has been exposure to the virus will result in acute hepatitis C.”

Unknown Spread

Cases of this are rare, but they have happened. There are a small number of people who have become infected with hepatitis C but do not know how they could have been infected. VeryWell Health explains that this type of contamination is referred to as sporadic, idiopathic, or community-acquired infection. “Most experts believe that this type of spread comes from contact with a contaminated wound, a forgotten high-risk contact with someone infected with HCV, or exposure to HCV from a medical procedure,” explains the source.

The only way to know whether you’ve been exposed to and contracted the hepatitis C virus is through a blood test.

Other Common Risks

Similar to injecting drugs, WebMD states that people who snort cocaine and share tools, such as straws or something similar to inhale the drug, could be at risk. The source also notes that people who are on dialysis have an increased risk, particularly if the equipment isn’t properly cleaned or should have been thrown away instead of reused.

Also, anyone with body piercings or tattoos has a heightened risk due to the equipment and supplies used. If the equipment or supplies come into contact with an infected person and are not properly cleaned, the virus can be transmitted. “To be on the safe side, make sure all tools are sterile or disposable, even the tattoo ink,” writes WebMD.

Lastly, someone who’s been in jail or prison also has a higher risk of HCV infection, since these kinds of environments are where people might be sharing personal items (such as needles for drugs), utilizing tattoo or piercing equipment, or having unprotected sex, but this is less common.

Treatment

Hepatitis C used to be treated with weekly injections and oral medications, which was better than nothing, but it wasn’t practical because many patients couldn’t use this form of treatment because of their other health problems or the side effects, according to the Mayo Clinic.

Nowadays hepatitis C is completely curable through oral medication. “Chronic HCV is usually curable with oral medications taken every day for 2- to 6-months,” writes the source. This is a huge step forward, but unfortunately it doesn’t do anything to help with the fact that hepatitis C often doesn’t show any symptoms until its begins creating problems with the liver.

Prevention Tips

Because there is no effective vaccine against the HCV, being cautious and following these preventative tips is the only way to ensure you will not contract hepatitis C and help lower the risk.

First and foremost, you should never share things like needles or syringes with another person. This is particularly important for people who use drugs.

Healthcare workers should be extra careful when working with blood, and anyone who works in an environment that performs medical or cosmetic procedures should follow proper protocol when it comes to cleaning equipment and tools. Patients should also do their due diligence by making sure they are putting their health in safe hands.

If you’re in a relationship with or share a household with an infected person, you shouldn’t share personal items, and those who have the disease should be careful to cover any wounds and dispose of things like bandages and pads properly.

Lastly, if you’re engaging in sexual activity with more than one partner on a regular basis or with someone who is infected with HCV, you should practice safe sex, particularly if there’s a chance that it might involve contact with blood.